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and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. Chiang, C. L. Introduction to Stochastic Processes in Biostatistics (Wiley, 1968). Among the states, Amazonas, Rondnia, Roraima and Mato Grosso had the largest declines in e0 in both 2020 and 2021 (Fig. Integrated Projects (all subprogrammes): 19 October 2021 - Concept Note. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. defined the methodology. Aileen Camantigue - National Capital Region, Philippines - LinkedIn Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). USA 118, e2014746118 (2021). Excess mortality in Brazil: a detailed description of trends in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovation Place, CONNECTING Ultrason. Acrylic acid and derivatives. An international comparison of age and sex dependency of COVID-19 deaths in 2020: a descriptive analysis, A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden, Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 81 countries, Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of HIV Mortality in China: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Disease and healthcare burden of COVID-19 in the United States, Impact of COVID-19 on older adults and role of long-term care facilities during early stages of epidemic in Italy, Global ecological analysis of COVID-19 mortality and comparison between the East and the West, Short- and medium-term impacts of strict anti-contagion policies on non-COVID-19 mortality in China, Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2, https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html, https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/nl/dataset, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/data, https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/code, https://www.vitalstrategies.org/resources/excess-mortality-in-brazil-a-detailed-description-of-trends-in-mortality-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/, https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cdha/latinmortality/wp-content/uploads/book_Ch2.pdf, https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?id=297884&view=detalhes, https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.02.21252772, https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021_extraordinario_maio.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/14/brazil-manaus-amazonas-covid-coronavirus, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.26.21252554v1, http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/, https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002, https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37022&Itemid=448, https://blogdoibre.fgv.br/posts/auxilio-emergencial-faz-pobreza-cair-em-plena-pandemia, http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response, Correlation between human development index and its components with COVID-19 indices: a global level ecologic study, Coronavirus disease-related in-hospital mortality: a cohort study in a private healthcare network in Brazil, The 90 plus: longevity and COVID-19 survival, Years of life lost during the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden considering variation in life expectancy by level of geriatric care. Super absorbent polymer recycling to pressure sensitive adhesives. Usually, the mid-year population is a good approximation of person-years lived during the year. 8). In Amazonas, male e65 was estimated to decline by 20% from 2019 to 2020. Skilled in Business Planning, Operations Management, Business Intelligence, and Logistics Management. https://www.vitalstrategies.org/resources/excess-mortality-in-brazil-a-detailed-description-of-trends-in-mortality-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ (2020). Lancet 394, 345356 (2019). U.S. Patent 9,447,309 B2. A more limited version of the basic income program was re-established in April 2021. This value suggests that the increase in polymer hydrophobicity provides a significant thermodynamic driving force towards further esterification, perhaps counteracting the buildup of water that was otherwise expected to limit conversion. Advancing sustainable materials management: 2017 fact sheet. Lancet Glob. The G at each frequency describes an adhesives resistance to shear, and this term generally increases in samples with more chain entanglements (e.g., with increasing Mw). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Arena, U., Ardolino, F. & Gregorio, F. D. Technological, environmental and social aspects of a recycling process of post-consumer absorbent hygiene products. stream For DT19, nRx is calculated as the ratio of expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19 to expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19. 26, 565581 (2000). Given a growing emphasis on sustainability within the polymer industry, including calls to increase the circularity of polymer production12, this LCA provides an important metric for evaluating approaches to polymer recycling. performed all wet-lab experimental work under the guidance of A.J.M. !J8Di,t1@'l:fBHM?bG)z6PRIq\QiA#J%B,yd6:$U drJH!e+Lal#fl&|5v{@V:"`as[#!S/`GoQd&~^lsv)rp. quizlet cosmetology. Inqurito Nacional sobre Insegurana Alimentar no Contexto da Pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. Wernet, G. et al. 9, 407418 (2021). Sci. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. Without a change in coordination of pandemic response, expansion of testing and a rapid increase in vaccination, Brazil will soon become a serious threat to national and global health security42. To calculate person-years for 2020, we first interpolated population projections, assuming exponential growth by age, sex and state, for the first day of each month in 2020. Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure-sensitive adhesives. Trans. B Biol. The actual death toll is likely to be higher due to deficient surveillance, limited testing that prevented proper diagnosis, issues of compliance with protocols for reporting a suspected COVID-19 death and location of the death (for example, at home)1,2. Baqui, P., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A. As of 25 May 2021, 20 of the 27 capital cities have intensive care unit occupancy above 80% (half of those above 90%)20. in Brasil: uma viso geogrfica e ambiental no incio do sculo XXI. Bars, organized by major regions, show changes for the states. Hope O Baker - Mite Coordinator - Mankato Area Hockey Assoc | LinkedIn For example, upon heating, polyacrylic acid is known to undergo dehydration and decarboxylation in bulk17 and solution18, respectively. 123, 116129 (2019). Third, because local health authorities have 60 d to report deaths from any cause, delayed death registration might be an issue in 2021, and, thus, for the first 4 months of 2021, we used confirmed COVID-19 deaths as reported by Brasil.io, which compiles epidemiological bulletins from the 27 state health departments. Preston, S., Heuveline, P. & Guillot, M. Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000). US Provisional Patent Application No. Chem. Stab. The potential of superabsorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil. The transformation relies on an (i) acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, (ii) optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) a highly efficient esterification driven by hydrophobicity. Palloni, A., Pinto, G. & Beltrn-Snchez, H. Two centuries of mortality decline in Latin America: from hunger to longevity. PubMed Central LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE Nature and Biodiversity LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. As a result, estimated e0 in Brazil in the presence of COVID-19 reflects levels observed in 2014 (Supplementary Table 10). P.T.C. The authors declare no other competing interests. Here, we assumed that individuals who did not die of COVID-19 in the first 4 months of 2021 would be subject to the 2019 age group-specific and sex-specific mortality rates. We also calculated state inequalities in life expectancy, measured as the difference between the lowest and the highest state life expectancy, to assess changes due to COVID-19 (Methods). JAMA 324, 510513 (2020). Programma Life - Sottoprogramma Natura e biodiversit - Bando per To avoid inconsistencies between life tables estimated for 2019 and 2020, we applied the same methodology to 2019. 19, 36923706 (2017). is supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure - Nature As with 2020, for both e0 and e65, the lowest declines in 2021 were concentrated in the Northeast, whereas the South, which had relatively smaller declines in 2020, is estimated to have a much greater loss in 2021. (UHe&+IW6rQIG nD!? For e65, the decline in 2021 was estimated at 1.05 years for both sexes (Fig. <> 4, 28912897 (2013). produced all visualization. Nat. The state gap remained roughly the same for both e0 and e65 (Fig. e65 declined by a larger percentage for males than females in all states, reflecting mens higher risks of dying from COVID-19 (ref. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV: Nature Governance - Innovation Place After recording the highest number of monthly COVID-19 deaths in April 2021, transmission remains extremely high, with about 2,000 daily deaths but a very slow immunization rollout. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. . At present, the environmental benefits of diaper recycling (including superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) recovery) are dependent on the avoided material burdens52. 276, 123350 (2020). To probe whether the hydrophobic side chains also push the equilibrium towards esterification, atomistic simulations were used (Supplementary Information pgs S27S29)46,47. Clean. M.C.C., N.G., T.A. Al-Aly, Z., Xie, Y. Posta Elettronica Certificata (PEC): protocollo.ispra@ispra.legalmail.it, Kick-off meeting of the projet LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest/@@download/image/carretta.png. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)Office of Land and Emergency Management. Applicants wishing to apply for more than one topic, must submit a separate proposal under each topic. First, differences in these period life expectancies capture both direct and indirect mortality effects of COVID-19 in 2020. Single phase. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950 (2020). Chem. The resulting materials exhibit low-to-medium storage and loss moduli, and as such, are applicable as general-purpose adhesives. To monitor this process, we measured changes in the complex viscosity over time. john deere quick hitch. Following multiple decrement life table methods previously used to measure the effect of COVID-19 on life expectancy8,16,17, we calculated two additional sets of estimates of life expectancy decline: (1) the difference between 2020 life expectancy estimated above and a scenario in which COVID-19 mortality has been eliminated from 2020 (DT20; Supplementary Tables 3 and 4 and Methods); and (2) the difference between 2019 life expectancy estimated from 2019 death records and a scenario in which 2019 all-cause mortality has been inflated to include COVID-19 mortality (DT19; Supplementary Tables 5 and 6 and Methods). Strong business development professional with a PhD focused in Teaching Engineering with Games from Universidade de So Paulo. We offer five reasons as to why. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002 (2021). The calculation and figure codes required to reproduce the results presented in this paper are available at https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/code. Nuzzo, J. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles In the first 4 months of 2021, COVID-19 deaths represented 107% of the total 2020 figures. They might reduce access to and coverage of primary care and increase infant mortality and avoidable deaths. 15), producing the relatively small estimates of life expectancy decline. Nmero 30 116 (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatsticaIBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenao de Populao e Indicadores Sociais, 2013). Soc. U.S. Patent 2,917,538 (December 15, 1959). Codice fiscale e Partita Iva 10125211002 . Correspondence to Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Dokumentai pareikjams: Gairs Paraikos forma (A ir B dalys) Priedas "Vietovs apraymas" Priedas "Ri ir buveini apraymas" Environ. )W9N2S33:;Ai / YnM#@w@6~q|,Sq","Kc]FTE^gIK%q4g2J:?1*zK6J./7o#hX&M,5!zbz?-V^mnH)0"2x~&NRO~c_e5j;? Third, for both 2020 and 2021, we calculated life tables based on the addition of COVID-19 mortality to the mortality pattern of 2019 (DT19). In this approach, the VW for each PSA is constructed from the dynamic storage (G) and loss (G) moduli at representative bonding and debonding frequencies of 0.01 and 100Hz, respectively. Expected Impact . Second, we used deaths from all causes by age, sex, cause of death and state of residence provided by the Mortality Information System from the Ministry of Health for 2019 (n=1,345,543) and 2020 (n=1,541,556). Expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19 are calculated by assuming that individuals who do not die of COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 are subject to the mortality rates of 2019. Life Cycle Assess. Nature Governance ID LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Types of action LIFE Project Grants Deadline model single-stage Opening date 13 July 2021 Deadline date 30 November 2021 17:00:00 Brussels time Projetos SNAP (os chamados projetos integrados no anterior Regulamento, mas agora especficos PDF Programme for the Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) % Carlyle, R. L. Process for the production of acrylic acid esters. Expected Impact : Applicants are expected to define, calculate, explain and achieve ambitious and credible impacts in terms of conservation benefit, ensuring at the same time long term sustainability and . 4 0 obj Next, we estimated total 2021 deaths, including COVID-19 confirmed deaths (${\,}_nD_x^{COV}$), reported by Brasil.io. (September 20, 2016). We removed 2,689 (0.20%) and 2,722 (0.18%) records in 2019 and 2020, respectively, that did not have information on sex and/or age. Between 1945 and 2020, e0 in Brazil increased from 45.5 years to 76.7 years10, an average of almost 5 months per calendar year. This result suggests that most crosslinks had been hydrolyzed within 15h (Supplementary Fig. of 2-ethylhexanol and H2SO4 as a catalyst (Fig. J. M.C.C. 10, 4153 (2021). Google Scholar. The Kick-off meeting of the LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST project will be held on January 20 in Rome, at the Legambiente headquarters. First, we estimate that COVID-19 deaths in the first 4 months of 2021 have already reduced e0 by 1.8 years, and the ultimate effect on 2021 e0 will be even greater. b, Estimated change in e65 in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. Sodium polyacrylate-based superabsorbent materials used in disposable diapers and feminine hygiene products have been challenging to recycle through either open- or closed-loop processes. Clin. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Medicine (Nat Med) Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Marcia C. Castro,Susie Gurzenda&Sun Kim, Demography Department, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, You can also search for this author in When acetic acid was reacted with 2-ethylhexanol/water, we observed a 94% conversion. 3b). Fagnani, D. E. et al. We used three approaches to assess changes in life expectancy due to COVID-19. Formal training in customer service with. Internet Explorer). Percentage loss due to COVID-19 mortality relative to increases in female and male e0 (a) and e65 (b) between 2000 and 2020 by state. 2a and Supplementary Table 7). We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. interpreted the data. COVID-19 exacerbated inequality, exposing the most vulnerable to food insecurity and severe hunger38,39. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Nature and Biodiversity ). Z. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Standard Action Projects (SAPs) Strategic Nature Projects (SNAPs) SNAPs: (1)target the implementation of the Prioritised Action Frameworks (PAF) other plans or strategies adopted at international, national, regional or multiregional level by nature I\{vd^TC{3SR ZL]hXSU}HcQnVH~;kJ{r]%44FG>~iOq|_nK.u2AMr4P'1Lc3FwMEEet8uU6BmgM1jH#Nip $jmVP->Y$FB4|Kf }Y Chazovachii, P. T., Somers, M., Alfaro, J., McNeil, A. J. T32 AG000037). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The complex viscosity again dropped several orders of magnitude over 24h, at which point no further changes were observed, again suggesting that most crosslinks have been hydrolyzed (Supplementary Fig. Teikti paraik ia. 127, 289301 (2016). PubMed Central 1d). Polym. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. M.C.C. Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries. Future Market Insights (FMI). We found a 15.3% and 15.1% decrease in GWP when replacing the industrial route with either the 1min or 2min sonication scenario, respectively, and an impressive 21.5% decrease when sonication was avoided altogether. Different PSAs were targeted simply by varying the sonication times. Heuveline, P. & Tzen, M. Beyond deaths per capita: comparative COVID-19 mortality indicators. Google Scholar. Blackwhite risk differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) transmission, mortality and case fatality in the United States: translational epidemiologic perspective and challenges. Slider with three articles shown per slide. We applied standard life table relationships to complete these counterfactual life tables44. and N.G. A life cycle assessment demonstrates that the adhesives synthesized via this approach outcompete the same materials derived from petroleum feedstocks on nearly every metric, including carbon dioxide emissions and cumulative energy demand. Get the latest from your favourite shows on National Geographic 2 0 obj Zekry, M., Nassar, I., Salim, H. & Abdallah, A. We have included these important steps in our life cycle assessments, however, our syntheses utilized the more readily accessible samples of superabsorbent polymer used to manufacture diapers at P&G. IBGE. H2SO4 with heating (Fig. Moreover, the route involving just decrosslinking and esterification (i.e., no sonication) has the potential to be industrially scalable, providing a sustainable solution to a longstanding waste problem. A summary of findings and implications of these estimates is shown in Table 1. Biochem. Syntheses of pressure-sensitive adhesives from petroleum feedstocks (industrial approach) compared to waste diaper-based feedstock (open-loop recycling). Pereira, A. K., Oliveira, M. S. & Sampaio, T. S. Heterogeneidades das polticas estaduais de distanciamento social diante da COVID-19: aspectos polticos e tcnico-administrativos. J. Article From these studies, we conclude that the quantitative esterification of the polymer results from the hydrophobic reaction environment created by the polymer backbone and the 2-ethylhexanol solvent. In this work, we report a mild and efficient synthetic route for open-loop recycling the acrylic-based superabsorbent material used in diapers. Article Res. Governors in that region imposed the most rigorous measures of physical distancing, in direct opposition to recommendations from the President14. In quest of challenging role Operational excellence in specialty chemicals, pharmaceutical industry demonstrated success extremely reliable, collaborative; 16 + years associated with companies. Sonicating 2.5% and 5.0% w/v solutions of decrosslinked PAAP&G for 010min using a 20kHz sonication horn operating at full amplitude (100%) revealed rapid chain-shortening for the decrosslinked PAAP&G (Fig. 61, 25842587 (1939). 1c), broadly mirroring the patterns across states (Fig. Il 13 luglio stato aperto il primo invito a presentare proposte nell'ambito del nuovo programma LIFE 2021-202 7, che comprende quattro sottoprogrammi: natura e biodiversit, economia circolare e qualit della vita, 34, 189200 (1991). Collias, D. I. et al. "Environment" area. Chem. and C.M.T. Natl Acad. Therefore, COVID-19 sequelae might shorten individual lifespan.

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